Using the Bicarbonate buffer system equation

Explain what lung volumes and/or capacities may be affected by Bill’s condition ( 2 marks). 4b) Explain how gas exchange at the alveoll is affected in these conditions, and why (2 marks). 4c) Using the bicarbonate buffer system equation (CO44​+H2​O↔H2​CO3​↔H4+HCO3​), explain what happens to blood carbon dioxide levels and blood$$\mathrm{pH}$$in obstructive respiratory conditions ( 2 marks).$$(6$$marks total)

Scenario 4 Karen has previously been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis – a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways that results in thick viscous mucous obstructing multiple airways. In Karen’s recent visit to the hospital, she was also diagnosed with right-sided heart failure due to her poorly managed pulmonary hypertension. As a consequence, she has also developed peripheral oedema (fluid shifting from the intravascular space to the interstitium).

Question Five Answer the following questions regarding how chronic bronchitis and right-side heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. 5a) Describe two protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract to help prevent the passage of bacteria into the lungs (2 marks) 1.$$\mathrm{N}$$aod con chae 5b) Use your understanding of ventilation-perfusion coupling (VIQ), to explain how the respiratory (ventilation) and cardiovascular (perfusion? systertis would respond to airway obstruction (as seen in chronic bronchitis) and how this obstruction rright rosult in in pulmonary hypertension (4 marks) ronlatidlosO2​→BV↓→BP↑.

5c) Use your understanding of capillary exchange to explain how ineffective contractions on the rightside heart (ie. Right-sided heart failure) can alter capillary exchange dynamics resulting in peripheral oedema (2 marks) vight-ifed heret faciere capillary bx chaye (8 marks total) 1808 NRS Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 A2 written Assignment