Explain five key properties of complex systems

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Explain the term “complex system”. Explain five key properties of complex systems and demonstrate them on examples other than those mentioned in class.

Interprofessional collaboration and Interprofessional education

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Post an explanation of the differences between interprofessional collaboration and interprofessional education. How do the different disciplines work together in each type of collaboration? How do they learn together? How does this relate to learning objectives developed by a nursing graduate student for their practicum experience?

Several Case presentations of edema

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The following activity includes several case presentations of edema. Make a diagnosis for each case, remembering the following questions:

Is the edema acute/sudden or chronic (e.g., duration, progression)? Is it unilateral or bilateral? Is the edema generalized or localized? Is it pitting or nonpitting? Is it dependent? In addition to edema, what other characteristics are associated with the edema (e.g., redness, pain)? What is the pertinent past or coexisting medical history?

What medications is the patient taking? You may want to refer to chapter 3 and chapter 4 to help determine the diagnosis.

Activity: Identify the probable diagnosis and what data support your decision. Describe the pathogenesis for the diagnosis. What data are inconsistent with your diagnosis?

What diagnostic tests would you order, if any, and how would you treat this patient? Note: Assume history and exam is normal if not listed.

Case 1: 45-year-old Mrs. Rodriguez is complaining of intermittent mild bilateral feet/ankle swelling for the past 2 months, but it is worse on her right leg

She denies leg pain, but she does describe her legs as feeling heavy at times and reports standing for long periods worsens the swelling. She notes her veins are getting larger in her legs. For the past 8 months, she has been experiencing intermittent numbness in her feet and reports her left knee has been achy.

She is a server at a busy restaurant and sometimes works 10-hour days. She denies any fever, warmth, erythema, or trauma.

Past medical history: obesity (BMI 31); type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Medications: metformin.

Physical examination: vital signs are within normal limits; exam is unremarkable except for bilateral tortuous veins in both lower extremities, which are worse on the right leg, and decreased sensation in both feet.

Case 2: 68-year-old Mr. Quincy is complaining of left leg swelling for the past 2 weeks. The swelling started while he was on a cruise. The swelling is intermittent and below the knee to his foot. He describes a cramp like pain in his left calf.

Lately, both legs have been cramping while walking, but it resolves when he sits. He denies any fever, warmth, erythema, or trauma.

Past medical history: iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis of his left leg after he had left hip replacement for osteoarthritis 9 months ago; treated with rivaroxaban for 6 months; stable angina; obesity (BMI 31); dyslipidemia.

Social history: quit smoking 4 years ago but resumed one-fourth pack per day 1 year ago.

Medications: simvastatin; aspirin; metoprolol.

Physical examination: vital signs are within normal limits; right leg is within normal limits except hairless, shiny skin; left leg has 1+ pitting edema in the pretibial area and foot; mild pain with left calf compression and one small tortuous vein on the medial aspect of his calf; left leg is also hairless and shiny.

aspect of his calf; left leg is also hairless and shiny.

A venous duplex Doppler ultrasound of his left leg was done and reveals no deep vein thrombosis.

Case 3: 85-year-old Mrs. Delaney has bilateral ankle and foot swelling for the past 3 weeks; she states her feet hurt and her shoes feel tight and describes this swelling as the first occurrence; she denies fever, erythema, warmth, or trauma.

Past medical history: aortic valve replacement; hypertension; dyslipidemia; osteoporosis.

Medications: amlodipine; benazepril; atorvastatin; alendronate sodium; aspirin.

Physical examination: vital signs within normal limits; exam unremarkable except for grade 1 systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border, second intercostal space with no radiation, and mild (< 1+) pitting edema bilateral ankles and feet.

Case 4: 78-year-old Mr. Smith is complaining of increased swelling in his lower legs for the past 3 weeks. He states it worsens when his legs are hanging down and gets a bit better when he elevates them. The swelling started about a week after he left the hospital for an episode of pneumonia.

He states his legs occasionally swell, especially when he eats too much salt, and the last time it happened was about 8 months ago.

He reports taking a water pill for a while but not lately. He noted that he feels like he has put on a few pounds this week and feels a bit more tired and short of breath. He has had to sleep propped up with two pillows. He denies leg pain, fever, warmth, or trauma.

Past medical history: anterior wall myocardial infarction 2 years ago; hypertension; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; dyslipidemia.

Social history: one pack a day smoker for 30 years—quit 2 years ago.

Medications: sacubitril/valsartan; metoprolol; rosuvastatin; aspirin (which he forgets to take).

Physical examination: temperature 98.5°F, pulse 70 beats/minute, respirations 22 breaths/minute, blood pressure 150/80 mmHg; pulse oximeter 96%; weight increase of 5 pounds in 1 month; cardiovascular exam remarkable for an S3 gallop; lungs with bibasilar fine inspiratory crackles; bilateral lower extremities pretibial to feet with 2+ pitting edema and mild pain when depressing skin.

Case 5: 40-year-old Mr. Jason is complaining of right leg swelling, pain, erythema, and warmth for the past 2 days. The swelling started after he accidentally cut the front of his leg with a pocket knife while fishing.

Past medical history: hypertension.

Medications: amlodipine.

Social history: drinks four to five beers on the weekends and has smoked one or two cigarettes a day for the last 15 years (he states he is trying to quit).

Physical examination: temperature 100°F, pulse 88 beats/minute, respirations 18 breaths/minute; blood pressure 140/92 mmHg; exam unremarkable except for edematous anterior right leg with open linear wound approximately 1-inch long; wound with scant purulent drainage area is warm and tender with blanching erythema that extends 3 inches around the wound.

Signs and symptoms of Fournier’s gangrene in female

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What is: Pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of Fournier’s gangrene in female? Identify three priority complications or problems that could occur with a patient with Fournier’s gangrene in female and What nursing assessments/ interventions may prevent the above complications?

– Identify one priority teaching for the patient with Fournier’s gangrene in female

Randomized control Trial on sickle cell anemia

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A randomized control trial on sickle cell anemia. Summarize the purpose of the study, design of the study, methods used to collect and analyze data, and the results. what were the study’s hypotheses or research questions? What were the independent and dependent variables?

Describe how bias can influence the results of a study. Post a link to the study illustrated.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding

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Mr. L is a 50-year-old man admitted for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. After a couple of days his hematocrit is still low and his physician tells him that he is not ready to be discharged today. Mr. L becomes angry and tells the team he wants to leave against medical advice (AMA).

His nurse, Susan, and his physician outline the risks of leaving, including the risk of rebleeding, but he insists and leaves the hospital. That night, Mr. L ends up back in the Emergency Room with profuse GI bleeding. While leaving AMA is often viewed as a patient right based on the principle of autonomy, it is also necessary to consider whether the patient is putting himself at undue risk for harm.

When the risks of a situation outweigh the possible benefits, the provider’s obligation to promote the patient’s best interests may outweigh the patient’s desire to act autonomously (Grace, 2014). Thus, the ethics worry in this case relates to the potential conflict between Susan’s ethical obligation to promote good (beneficence) and Mr. L’s right to autonomy.

To promote Mr. L’s ability to act autonomously in the future, it is necessary to minimize the potential harm to which he exposes himself in the present. Ethical awareness would help Susan recognize this responsibility. To address this obligation, Susan could try to talk through the situation in greater depth with Mr. L in an effort to uncover the reasoning behind his desire to leave.

There may be additional factors of which Susan is unaware that are contributing to Mr. L’s anger. If these reasons are explicated, perhaps they can arrive at a compromise to appease Mr. L, while keeping him medically safe.

Additionally, Mr. L’s clinical picture includes a low hematocrit. This factor may be negatively impacting his decision-making abilities. Susan may wonder whether Mr. L is truly making an autonomous decision, which would require that he fully understands and is able to use reason to determine the potential long-term outcomes of leaving the hospital.

Susan could further explore these concerns to ensure that Mr. L’s decision to leave is actually fully informed. Should she reach an impasse, she may consider seeking additional resources to keep Mr. L safe, including involving psychiatry and possibly an ethics consult.

 

1) Based on the scenarios in the article list at least 3 changes in our society that have contributed to the prevalence of ethical dilemmas in healthcare?

2) summarise an event, real or fiction, where you faced an ethical dilemma in healthcare. this can be something you have heard about in healthcare or experienced at your job. if you chose a fictional event, it cannot be one of the scenarios from the article

3) what did you learn from the event you summarised above?

 

An entry-level Master’s in nursing program

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Natalie Kazakova is a recent graduate from an entry-level master’s in nursing program. Natalie’s first degree was in engineering and was obtained in her native country of Russia. After immigrating to the United States, she decided she preferred to work in health care because of her desire to work with and care for people.

Now, as a new graduate, she was hired for a position at a local community hospital in an intensive care unit (ICU) and has completed her weeks of orientation. Natalie was initially very excited to have found a job in such a challenging unit and is eager to begin work as a nurse.

A few weeks after orientation has ended, Natalie finds herself questioning her choice to become a nurse. She finds it hard to go into work because she is feeling insecure and has self-doubts. Natalie remembers how she entered nursing to take on the caring role of the nurse, but in this busy ICU, she finds her time is being spent on monitoring equipment and giving medications. In addition, her coworkers have not been supportive.

Two particular nurses who are on the night shift with her are very critical and frequently deride her for asking questions.

These nurses are both ADN graduates, each with more than 10 years of ICU experience. When Natalie asks a question, they say things such as “I thought you had a master’s degree, why don’t you know anything?” and “What did you learn at that university, anyways?” Natalie finds it hard to ask them for any assistance and feels like leaving her position. She struggles to understand what is going on.

 

 

What theories from the chapter explain what Ms. Kazakova is experiencing?(Role Theory,Conflict theory,and social exchange Theory) If any other theory also you can explain

 

Natalie remembers studying these theories and others in her MSN program, which helps her cope. Although strategies are not explicitly outlined in the chapter, what might Natalie do to thrive in her current situation?

 

Role of accreditation in Mitigating risk compliance issues

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Explain the role of accreditation in mitigating risk compliance issues. Provide an example of a health care organization that was placed on probation by its accrediting body or by CMS within the last 3 years for a risk compliance issue. What caused the probation or loss of accreditation and how could it have been prevented?

Explain the potential differences using concepts from Homeostasis.

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Explain the potential differences using concepts from Homeostasis. What are the differences when comparing vertebrates and invertebrates responding to stimuli?  Give an example of vertebrates and invertebrates responding similar or different to the same stimuli.

Explain how neural impulses travel across an organism

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Explain how neural impulses travel across an organism and from cell to cell. Compare how this is different from invertebrates and vertebrates.