Discussion: The research study I chose is about the ophthalmic experiments conducted by Josef Mengele. He was known as the Angel of Death and was a German Schutzstaffel officer and doctor during World War II. Although Mengele was not an ophthalmologist, the objective of this study was to find a cure for heterochromia. Mengele had multiple heterochromatic prisoners at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1943 who were used as his test subjects. He would send their eyes to another researcher, Magnussen, in Berlin for examination. Mengele administered adrenaline drops into children inmates’ eyes in an attempt to change eye color and to study environmental influences (Halioua, 2020).

No change of eye color ever took place during this experiment. This experiment caused inflamed eyes that diminished sight, created fear and distress, and even death of a newborn baby (Richard, 2020). The ethical principles violated were informed consent, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. I believe every provision of the ANA Code of Ethics was violated but the main provisions violated were 1.1, 1.2, and 1.4. Mengele had no respect for human dignity regarding the prisoners of the Holocaust. The relationship with the patients was also not respected and bias and prejudice were not set aside. Human dignity was not recognized among the patients, and they did not have the legal right to determine what will be done to themselves since they were prisoners (American Nurses Association, 2017). The researchers could have avoided this violation by understanding there is no scientific benefit that could have been derived from this procedure. This procedure should have never occurred, and it is disturbing to know this experiment and hundreds of others happened during the Holocaust.

Discussion: I chose to look into the hepatitis study done between the years of 1956 and 1970 at the Willowbrook School for Mentally Retarded Children. During this study, experimental vaccines for hepatitis were administered to students of the school without a full explanation of the risks included in the study. New students admitted to the school were purposefully infected with viral hepatitis A and B and parental consent was obtained in a group method (da Gloria et al., 2015).  Ethical principles that were violated in this study include the principles of informed consent and non-maleficence. The parents of this study were not fully told the risks of participating in the study and consent was obtained in a group setting which could influence one’s decision.

Also, the principle of nonmaleficence is tied to the idea of doing no harm to our patients, when clearly, harm was inflicted on these children with the injections of a virus. As for the Code of Ethics, there are a number of provisions that were violated in this study. Some of these violations include provisions 1.1, 3.2, and 5.5. The researchers of this study lacked respect for human dignity and failed to protect the human rights of the students at this school (American Nurses Association, 2017). The researchers could have avoided these violations by taking a step back and realizing that they were exploiting the rights of children who were unable to speak for themselves. Also, the researchers could have worked harder to provide informed consent to the parents of the children with an explicit explanation of the research going to be conducted and what the benefits/risks would be. It is upsetting to look back on this study and see how long these experiments were conducted.

 

Describe how you would diagnose this illness-what additional symptoms would you look for, what diagnostic tests you will do, your expected findings, and the subsequent treatment and prognosis. Create a list of at least four other differential diagnoses. Describe the classification of the helminth associated with the assigned disease,

A nurse is caring for a client in an acute care mental health unit. The nurse is planning care for a client who has borderline personality disorder. Exhibit 1 Exhibit 2 For each potential nursing intervention, click to specify if the potential intervention is anticipated, nonessential, or contraindicated for the Nurses’ Notes client.

Day 1 0700: Potential Intervention Anticipated Nonessential Contraindicated Encourage the client to O O O A client who has a history of borderline personality disorder is written in a journal. admitted with manifestations of anxiety and accompanied by Hold weekly staff their partner. The client is alert and oriented to person, place, O O O meeting to allow staff and time. The client presents with evidence of self-mutilation on time to express their upper extremities.

Perspiration was noted on the face, chest, and feelings. back. The client reports a feeling of "emptiness" when asked how they are feeling at the current time. The client displays anger or Communicate O O O sarcasm when responding to staff. The client’s partner states behavioral expectations the injuries are self-inflicted and often occur after an argument. with the client’s family.

Partner also reports the client has a history of substance use Limit consequences for O O O and excessive gambling. undesirable behavior while receiving treatment. Day 2 1000: Encourage the client to O O O self-reward for positive Client is participating in a milieu therapy session. The client states that outcomes. they are planning to open their own business as soon as they Bargain with the client and are discharged from the hospital. The client exhibits O O O to establish behavioral manipulative behavior when interacting with staff and other expectations. clients.