Explain how archaea could adapt their biological membranes to survive extreme temperatures. Justify your answer and use the format, “If…, then…” 11. What do you predict would happen if you tried to grow archaea adapted to survive at 100 degrees Celsius at standard room temperature? Justify your answer and use the format,

 

Aiden is a 13-year-old white male seen in pediatric primary care for concerns regarding behavior. Mom states she “doesn’t know what to do anymore”. Aiden is failing all of his classes with the exception of gym and music. Aiden does well on test scores but does not turn in homework, even after he has completed it. Mom created a binder for him to organize all of his work in, and he has an assignment notebook where he is supposed to write down his assignments. He doesn’t often use the notebook and uses the binder properly about 50% of the time. Aiden is in 7th grade and at risk of not being able to stay in his school next year for 8th grade. Aiden is a very 13-year-old, and her mom says his teachers feel that way as well. Aiden has stayed on the same low dose of Focalin XR 10mg for 4 years, and one low dose, short-acting Adderall 5mg for homework in the evenings. Aiden expresses an increase in anxiety. Mom states that his parents separated 2 years ago, but are now in the process of selling the house Aiden has lived in for most of his life and she is concerned that this is contributing to his anxiety/decrease in school performance.

 

Vitals:

HR: 85      BP: 106/68    T: 97.9    RR: 17   SPO2: 99%    H: 59.5″ W: 105lbs 3oz

PMH:

Eczema, ADHD, Anxiety, Reactive Airway Disease, Seasonal Allergies

 

PSH:

None

 

Medications:

Focalin XR 10mg

Adderall 5mg PRN

Albuterol PRN

Claritin PRN

 

Social History:

Lives with mom part-time and dad part-time. Has two sisters, ages 10 and 5. 2 dogs at home. Plays soccer during the spring and summer, but otherwise no interest in sports. Active in the school band. Reports few close friends.

 

ROS:

General: Well Appearing, no acute stress noted. Denies fever, weight loss/gain, change in activity level.

Neuro: Denies HA, trauma, LOC, seizure activity, developmental delays

HEENT: Denies change in vision, hearing, photo/phonophobia, runny nose, ear pain,

sore throat, neck pain

CV: Denies shortness of breath, sweating, color changes with feeding, chest pain,

palpitations, recent history of murmur, fainting, or dizziness with activity

Respiratory: Denies cough, wheezing, shortness of breath (triggers)

GI: +Constipation; Denies nausea, vomiting (bloody/bilious), diarrhea, hematemesis,

hematochezia, or melena; describe stooling habits

GU: Denies ysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria,  sexual activity, STI

exposure

Endo: Denies olyuria/polydipsia, heat/cold intolerance, growth pattern

MS: Denies myalgias, arthralgias, trauma, limp, weakness

Skin: Denies Rashes, bruising, petechiae

Psych/behavior: +Decreased attention span, +decreased energy level, +GAD7, +PSQ9

1. Briefly describe the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD) on mortality and morbidity in the United States currently.
2. What are the necessary criteria needed for a sound screening program?
3. Identify an NCD and research and discuss the programs available in Connecticut to address the NCD.  This information can be found on the CT Department of Public Health website: www.ct.gov/dph  (Hint: go to the sidebar of the site’s Homepage and click on “Topics A- Z”.)  Be sure to discuss the multiple risk factor intervention approach in regard to non-communicable disease management and its impacts on cost effectiveness.

 

 

The CD is a 28-year-old administrative hospital worker who presented to the emergency room complaining of headaches and shortness of breath. She was admitted to the hospital for evaluation when she was found to have a blood pressure of 170/110 mm Hg and mild congestive heart failure (CHF) by chest X-ray. CD reports that over the past year, her weight has increased by about 10  pounds (4.5 kg), although her dietary intake has remained unchanged or even lower due to her desire for weight loss.

Past Medical History

CD has had no recent viral illness, sore throat, or upper respiratory infections but did report frequent sore throats treated with antibiotics as a child. She has never had rheumatologic symptoms

and has no knowledge of a family history of renal disease. She is currently not taking any medications, vitamins, minerals, or herbal supplements and has no known drug or food allergies.

Social History

The CD has her own apartment and lives alone. She occasionally drinks alcohol but denies tobacco and intravenous or oral drug use.

CD’s 24-Hour Dietary Recall

Breakfast (home)

Tea 8 ounces (240 mL)

Orange juice 8 ounces

Non-dairy creamer 2 Tbsp.

_Bagel Frozen, store-bought, eating

½

_{Cream cheese} 1 Tbsp. on a whole bagel,

eating ½

Skim milk 8 ounces

Lunch (grocery store)

Salad with a scoop of tuna or

_{chicken salad} 1 cup, eating ⅓

Iced tea (unsweetened) 16 ounces (480 mL)

Orange or grapes 1 medium orang

Dinner (home)

_{Chicken breast, broiled} 3.5 ounces (eating maybe

almost ¾)

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Principles and Practices of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Broccoli, spinach 1/2 cup each

Margarine 1 tsp total for 2 vegetables

_Salt 1 tsp total for vegetables

and chicken consumed

Diet cola soda 16 ounces (480 mL)

Snack (movies)

Salted nuts 2 small 1 ounce bags

Diet cola soda 16 ounces (480 mL)

Total calories: 1122 kcal

Protein: 68 g

Fat: 72 g

Carbohydrate: 118 g

Potassium: 2974 mg

Sodium: 1650 mg

Calcium: 819 mg

Phosphorus: 1095 mg

Review of Systems

General: Fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath

GI: Anorexia

Physical Examination

Vital Signs

Temperature: 97 °F (36 °C)

Heart rate: 96 BPM

Respiration: 24 BPM

Blood pressure: 170/110 mm Hg

Height: 5′4″ (162 cm)

Current weight: 130 lb (59 kg)

Usual weight: 120 lb (54.5 kg) 6 months ago (Use for estimated “dry” weight)

Exam

General: Well-developed female

Lungs: Decreased breath sounds with faint crackles at the right base Cardiac: Regular rate and rhythm, systolic murmur at the apex, S3 gallop Abdomen: Soft, non-tender, no hepatomegaly

Extremities: 2+ peripheral edema on both legs, ring tight on finger Skin: Warm to touch

Neurologic: Intact, mild asterixis

Initial Laboratory Data

Patient’s Values Normal Values

Sodium: 132 mEq/L 133-143 mEq/L

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Principles and Practices of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Case Analysis 2

Potassium: 6.4 mEq/L 3.5-5.3 mEq/L

Chloride: 111 mEq/L 98-108 mEq/L

CO2: 15 mEq/L 24-32 mEq/L

Calcium: 7.5 mg/dL 9-11 mg/dL

Adjusted calcium: 8.1 mg/dL 9-11 mg/dL

Phosphorus: 7.2 mg/dL 2.5-4.6 mg/dL

BUN: 90 mg/dL 7-18 mg/dL

Creatinine: 8.0 mg/dL 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

Albumin: 3.2 g/dL 3.5-5.8 g/dL

Hemoglobin: 7.3 g/dL 13.5-17.5 g/dL

Hematocrit: 21.9% 41-53%

Transferrin saturation: 18% 20-50%

Ferritin: 142 ng/mL 20-300 ng/mL

Mean corpuscular volume:

_{70 fL} 80-100 fL

White blood cells

(WBC): 5.7 × 109/L 4.5-11 × 109/L

Urinalysis: 3+ heme by

dipstick, 1+ protein by

dipstick

Sediment: 15-20 red blood

cells (RBC)/HPF, 3-5

WBC/HPF, 2-4 red blood

cell casts and broad

waxy casts/HPF

Electrocardiogram: Normal

sinus rhythm at 100, no

ischemic changes

Chest X-ray: Cardiomegaly,

CHF

Dialysis Treatment Plans

The CD received a temporary dialysis catheter and underwent two hemodialysis treatments in the hospital. During her hospitalization, she was educated on all dialysis modalities available and chose

peritoneal dialysis (PD). She was discharged from the hospital with plans for a peritoneal dialysis

catheter to be inserted the following week. She was educated on a “renal” diet by the hospital dietitian and medications were prescribed as well. She was to dialyze in the in-center dialysis facility

close to the hospital.

Laboratory Data #2 (after 1 Week on HD)

Patient’s Values Normal Values

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Principles and Practices of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Case Analysis 2

Sodium: 136 mEq/L 133-143 mEq/L

Potassium: 4.9 mEq/L 3.5-5.3 mEq/L

Chloride: 102 mEq/L 98-108 mEq/L

CO2: 18 mEq/L 24-32 mEq/L

Calcium: 8.8 mg/dL 9-11 mg/dL (8.4-9.5)*

Corrected calcium: 9.4

_mg/dL 9-11 mg/dL (8.4-9.5)*

Phosphorus: 6.0 mg/dL 2.5-4.6 mg/dL (3.5-5.5)*

BUN: 70 mg/dL 7-18 mg/dL

Creatinine: 6.2 mg/dL 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

Albumin: 3.3 g/dL 3.5-5.8 g/dL

_{Hemoglobin: 9.8 g/dL} 13.5-17.5 g/dL (11-12

g/mL)*

Hematocrit: 27% 41-53% (33-36%)*

*These are guidelines established for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives (NKF K/DOQI) committees, but not currently utilized due to CMS requirements for lower doses of EPO.