What are two elements of an effective scholarly article summary? Use specific examples from the Example Article Summaries document found in the Learning Resources. In paragraph 1, be sure to: Discuss the article summaries from our week 2 readings Describe 2 effective elements In paragraph 2, be sure to: Reflect on the methods of effective summarizing Utilize examples from the reading
What examples of correlational studies & statistics are cited in the sources why are they correlations and not experiments (remember, correlation does not equal causation)?
3. Some of the sources allude to the use of classical and operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement in social media usage. How do learning theories apply to social media usage? Address each of the following and cite specific examples from the sources:
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Operant Conditioning
The supplementary article this week, Locus of Control and Health: A Review of the Literature Links to an external site.by Wallston & Wallston (1978), is a classic article on locus of control, as it applies to health. First, briefly summarize this article. Then, think about the article in the context of the course, and your reactions. Did you like the article? How does it relate to the course material? How could it be used in research?
A 68-year-old man (Eddie) presents to ED via QAS from a fall at home. Eddie was found on the floor by paramedics after pressing his vita-call button. His speech was slurred on scene and his breath smelt acidic. On arrival, Eddie’s GCS was 14 and was verbally abusive to paramedics. Eddie has a contusion to the back of his head and cut marks to his L) arm for which he states he ‘accidentally put his hand through his glass window’. Eddie lives alone in an aged care retirement community.
Personal History: Eddie is a retired boiler maker with 4 children all over the age of 40.
Eddie admits to being generally healthy ‘apart from the occasional flu’. Eddie states that he has been a little more tired these days but seems to think that is because he no longer goes to art class in the village and has slowed down on his daily walk because his left knee is ‘starting to cause him grief’. Eddie admits to indulging in a few drinks lately because his friends don’t talk to him anymore and his children are too busy.
Family History: Father died of bowel obstruction leading to septicemia at 85. Mother’s medication history of diabetes, 23 surgeries throughout her life-artificial arteries in her upper extremities and legs due to atherosclerosis.
Medical History: History of angina, hypertension, GORD, appendectomy at age 13. Eddie admits to recently being started on Tramadol for his knee pain which is currently under investigation by his local GP.
He is on a range of medications:
Anginine prn, Metoprolol 50mg BD, aspirin 100mg OD, Atorvastatin 40mg Nocte, Esomeprazole 40 mg BD, mylanta PO, Pulmicort Turbuhaler 400mcg BD, Ventolin 2 puffs prn, panadeine forte 2 tabs prn, Zoloft 50mg mane. Lasix 40mg BD. Blackmores Glucosamine tablets 1500mg OD.
VITAL SIGNS:
• Respiratory Rate: 22
• Blood Pressure: 168/97
• Temperature: 36.5
• Heart Rate: 107
• SP 02: 95% on RA
NEUROLOGICAL: GCS is 14/15 with pupils equal and reactive to light (PEARL). Patient is confused at times and verbally abusive. Contusion to back of his head.
RESPIRATORY Inspection: The patient displays comfortable breathing, slight cough. There are no abnormal thoracic landmarks or scars.
Palpation: Chest expansion is symmetrical.
Percussion: Lung fields clear, resonant sounds.
Auscultation: There is air entry into all lung fields. Fine crackles can be auscultated on inspiration.
CARDIOVASCULAR: Inspection: The patient is centrally pink.
Palpation: Peripheral pulses are palpable at +3. Calves are soft and non-tender.
Auscultation: Heart sounds of S1 & S2 are heard. Irregular heart beat noted.
An ECG shows atrial fibrillation and a portable chest radiograph showed clear lung fields.
An arterial blood gas shows a pH 7.30, Pa02 78 mm Hg, PCO2 58 mm Hg, HCO3 27 mEq/L, and Lactate 2.1 mm Hg. Spirometry results include FEV1/FVC of 75%.
Electrolytes Na 140, K 4.3, CL 100, HCO3 22, GLU 8.1, Urea 4.4, Creat 0.06
ABDOMINAL Inspection: The patient is sitting up, nil distress. Skin is pink and warm. Abdomen not distended. No bruising, striae, surgical scares or lesions. The abdominal wall is moving symmetrically with respirations. Bowels not opened regularly
Auscultation: Bowel sounds are present.
Percussion: Abdomen is resonant to percuss.
Question 1 Which of the following can be in logical arguments? Questions Normative statements Fragment Imperative statements
Question 2 What is the role that evidence could play in constructing logical arguments? Evidence is the conclusion(s) we draw from premises. Evidence gives support to a premise or conclusion. Evidence means our opinions are logically valid. Evidence doesn’t play a role.
Question 3 What role does the principle of charity play in argument reconstruction? It tells us to assume the best intentions from those around us. It tells us to do our best to make the argument valid or strong. It tells us to treat others as we wish to be treated. It tells us to make hidden premises as controversial as possible.
Question 4 What is it called when premises describe why the conclusion is true? Normative argument Simple argument Complex argument Explanation argument
Question 5 Which of the following statements about invalidity is true? The premises don’t follow the conclusion. Invalidity is when you can’t find a counterexample. The conclusion follows from the premises. Counterexamples are proof of invalidity.
A 4-year-old male [Ryan] presents with difficulty breathing. Mum states the child has been tired in the last week and irritable. Noticed a red rash on my hands two days ago thought it was a reaction to grass as a child had been spending a lot of time outside recently; itching profusely today with lack of sleep child has started to stress. The coughing started 1hr ago mum gave 12xpuffs Ventolin with no relief.
Past history:
-Asthma with previous ICU admission when he was three.
-Vaccinations up to date
Vital signs:
-BP 110/72
-HR 143
-O2 Sats 92% on RA
-Temp 37.3
-Resps 34
NEUROLOGICAL: GCS is 14/15 with pupils equal and reactive to light (PEARL), varies between sleepy and unsettled.
RESPIRATORY Inspection: the child is slightly distressed, speaking in short sentences, moderate intercostal recession.
Palpation: Chest expansion is symmetrical and there is slight tracheal deviation. There is no tenderness, lumps or lesions on the thorax.
Percussion: Resonance over all lung fields
Auscultation: There is equal air entry into all lung fields. Bronchovesicular breath sounds can be heard with an I:E (Inspiratory/expiratory) ratio of 1:2. Slight wheeze is present on expiration.
CARDIOVASCULAR Inspection: The patient is pale; slight peripheral cyanosis is present.
Auscultation: Heart sounds of S1 & S2 are heard. There is no murmur.
Chest radiograph showed clear lung fields.
INTEGUMENTARY: inspection Non-blanching purple spots over the torso, blanchable raised red rash over hands-itchy.
A 70-year-old female patient [Kim] is admitted with a history of chronic, productive cough, breathlessness, and generalized malaise over the past year. Over the last two months, she has noticed trouble with sleeping at night due to coughing and is generally feeling increasingly tired. She is having difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL) due to weakness, exhaustion, and breathlessness. For the past 24 hours, he has also been suffering from chest tightness; however, the patient denies any pain.
Personal history: The patient is a retired teacher. She has been fairly healthy for most of her working life. She exercises occasionally and has gained weight over the past 20 years however over the last 6 months has lost weight. She has been widowed for the last five years. She has two adult children, only one who lives in the same city. Kim smoked one packet per day of cigarettes since her early 20s and describes herself as being ‘prone to chest infections’ including wheezing and chest tightness for the past number of years. She has the occasional drink.
Family history: Father died from complications related to ischaemic heart disease at 58. Her mother suffered a stroke at age 67 and lived in high care for her remaining 4 years.
Past medical/ surgical history: She has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) twice in the last year. The patient has recently commenced on a low-dose thiazide diuretic for hypertension. The patient denies any other history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes or hypercholesterolemia.
Vital Signs:
• Respiratory rate 28 breaths per minute
• Sp02 90% on 3L via nasal prongs
• Heart rate is 90 beats per minute
• Blood pressure is 150/ 83 mm Hg
• Temperature is 37.9°C
Systems review
Neurological: GCS is 14/15 with pupils equal and reactive to light (PEARL).
Respiratory Inspection: The patient is sitting forward, using accessory muscles; she has a moist cough and is coughing regularly. The patient appears to be in respiratory distress. There are no abnormal thoracic landmarks or scars. You note an abnormal breathing pattern of tachypnoea and moist cough.
Palpation: Chest expansion is symmetrical and there is no tracheal deviation. There is limited mobility of the diaphragm and diminished vocal fremitus. There is no tenderness, lumps or lesions on the thorax.
Percussion: Dull sounds can be heard over lower lung fields.
Auscultation: There is air entry into all lung fields, however diminished in the lower bases. Bronchovesicular breath sounds can be heard with an I:E (Inspiratory/expiratory) ratio of 1:2. Coarse crackles can be auscultated on inspiration and a wheeze is present on expiration.
Cardiovascular Inspection: The patient is centrally pink; however peripheral cyanosis is present without clubbing.
Palpation: Peripheral pulses are palpable at +1. Calves are soft and non-tender. Jugular venous pressure (JVP) is less than 4cm.
Auscultation: Heart sounds of S1 & S2 are heard. There is no murmur.
An ECG confirmed sinus tachycardia and a portable chest radiograph showed shading in lower Left lung fields, with evidence of pneumonia. An arterial blood gas shows a pH 7.30, Pa02 68 mm Hg, PCO2 58 mm Hg, HCO3 27 mEq/L, and Lactate 2.1 mm Hg. Spirometry results include FEV1/FVC (ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second over forced vital capacity) of 62%.
