Paraphrasing and Citing Sources using APA style (7th edition)

Instructions: The American Psychological Association (APA) uses a particular style to cite sources. This is different from the style of the Modern Language Association (MLA). Many social science courses will use the APA style for writing papers and citing sources. Complete the following activities to practice your paraphrasing and citation skills. Compare your answers with those of your classmates.

Activity 1: Paraphrasing One Sentence

1. Read the following published sentence and then paraphrase it—that is, rewrite it in your own words. You do not need to repeat every element. Instead, try changing the focus of the sentence while preserving the meaning of the original.
2. Write an APA Style reference list entry for the published work using the source information provided. Look up the document type here (Links to an external site.)
3.  or in Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual and follow the appropriate reference example.
4. Figure out the in-text citation that corresponds to the reference list entry. Then add a parenthetical citation to your paraphrased sentence. Use the standard citation formats shown in Table 8.1 of the Publication Manual. Go here to learn more about parenthetical and narrative in-text citations (Links to an external site.)
5. .

Published Sentence:

Leaders who lack emotional and social competence undoubtedly can become a liability to organizations, directly leading to employee disengagement, absenteeism, stress-disability claims, hostile-workplace lawsuits, and increased healthcare expenses.

Source Information:

• Document type: Journal article
• Authors: Kenneth Nowack and Paul Zak
• Publication year: 2020
• Article title: Empathy enhancing antidotes for interpersonally toxic leaders
• Journal information: Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, Volume 72, Issue 2, pages 119-133
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000164

Activity 2: Summarizing Multiple Sentences

1. Read the following published sentences and summarize the authors’ findings in your own words in one sentence.
2. Write an APA Style reference list entry for the published work using the source information provided. Look up the document type here (Links to an external site.)
3.  or in Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual and follow the appropriate reference example.
4. Figure out the in-text citation that corresponds to your reference list entry. Then add a narrative citation to your paraphrased sentence. Go here to learn more about parenthetical and narrative in-text citations (Links to an external site.)
5. . You do not need to recite the works that are already cited in the published sentences.

Published Sentences:

Research suggests that people exercise less when demands in their job or studies increase (Englert & Rummel, 2016; Oaten & Cheng, 2005; Sonnentag & Jelden, 2009). Building upon these findings, the present study investigated the relationship between university students’ implicit theories about willpower and the amount they exercise during their final examination period. We hypothesized and found that students with a limited theory about willpower— those who believed that their self-control resembles a limited resource—exercised significantly less than students with a nonlimited theory during this stressful period (about 220 min less over the course of 2 weeks).

Source Information:

• Document type: Journal article (Section 10.1)
• Authors: Katharina Bernecker and Jule Kramer
• Publication year: 2020
• Article title: Implicit theories about willpower are associated with exercise levels during the academic examination period
• Journal information: Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, Volume 9, Issue 2, pages 216-231
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000182

By Sunday at 11:59 pm:

Compare your answers to those posted by the instructor and by your classmates. In a reply to your original post answer the following questions:

1. Did you paraphrase effectively? Or did you patch write (change only a few words, substitute synonyms on a one-to-one basis) rather than paraphrase (restate in your own words, reframe ideas for your paper context)?
2. How are your sentences different from the sentences from your instructor? From those of your classmates or colleagues? How are they the same?
3. What other ways are there to paraphrase? How could you emphasize different ideas?
4. Look over your reference and parenthetical citation. Make note of any errors.

The composition of biological membranes found in archaea is distinct from biological membranes found in bacteria and eukaryotic cells. The unique lipid composition is thought to afford protection from extreme environments that many archaea inhabit. 10. To survive extreme environments archaea must have very stable biological membranes. Explain how archaea could adapt their biological membranes to survive extreme temperatures. Justify your answer and use the format, “If…, then…” 11. What do you predict would happen if you tried to grow archaea adapted to survive at 100 degrees Celsius at standard room temperature? Justify your answer and use the format,

Use the ecological footprint calculator( https://www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en) to determine how many Earths we would need to live sustainably if everyone lived as you did. You may be surprised. According to the Conversation Ecology textbook, we would need four Earths if everyone lived as the average American did! Next, try the questionnaire again and make one change that you think will reduce your footprint. Then change this parameter back to its original value and try making a different change. Keep track of your results and try this for three different aspects of your lifestyle. What three changes did you make, and which one had the greatest effect on your ecological footprint? Why do you think that this lifestyle change had such a big effect? Is this a realistic change that you might be able to implement soon? Why or why not?