ASSESSING THE EYE STRUCTURES AND VISUAL ACUITY. 1. Inspect the eyebrows for hair distribution and alignment and skin quality and movement (ask client to raise  and lower the eyebrows) 2. Inspect the eyelashes for evenness of distribution and direction of the curl.

3. Inspect the eyelids for surface characteristics (e.g., skin quality and texture), position related to the cornea, ability to blink, and frequency of blinking. Inspect the lower

eyelids while the client’s eyes are closed

4. Remove and discard gloves.

• Perform hand hygiene.

5. Inspect the bulbar conjunctiva (that lying over the sclera) for color, texture, and the presence of lesions.

6. Inspect the cornea for clarity and texture. Ask the client to look straight ahead. Hold a penlight at an oblique angle to the eye, and move the light slowly across the corneal surface.

7. Inspect the pupils for color, shape, and symmetry of size. Pupil charts are available in some agencies.

8. Assess each pupil’s direct and consensual reaction to light to determine the function of the third (oculomotor) and fourth (trochlear) cranial nerves.

• Partially darken the room.
• Ask the client to look straight ahead.
• Using a penlight and approaching from the side, shine a light on the pupil.
• Observe the response of the illuminated pupil. It should constrict(direct response).
• Shine the light on the pupil again, and observe the response of the other pupil. It should also constrict (consensual response)

9. Assess each pupil’s reaction to accommodation.

• Hold an object (a penlight or pencil) about 10 cm (4 in.) from the bridge of the client’s nose.
• Ask the client to look first at the top of the object and then at a distant object (e.g., the far wall) behind the penlight. Alternate the gaze from the near to the far object.Observe the pupil response.
• Next, ask the client to look at the near object and then move the penlight or pencil toward the client’s nose,

10. Assess peripheral visual fields to determine function of the retina and neuronal visual pathways to the brain and second (optic)

cranial nerve.

• Have the client sit directly facing you at a distance of 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft).
• Ask the client to cover the right eye with a card and look directly at your nose.
• Cover or close your eye directly opposite the client’s covered eye (i.e., your left eye), and look directly at the client’s nose.
• Hold an object (e.g.,a penlight or pencil) in your fingers ,extend your arm, and move the object into the visual field from various  points in the periphery. The object should be at an equal distance from the client and yourself. Ask the client to tell you when the moving object is first spotted.
  1. To test the temporal field of the left eye, extend and move your right arm in from the client’s right periphery.
  2. To test the upward field of the left eye, extend and move the right arm down from the upward periphery.
  3. To test the downward field of the left eye, extend and move the right arm up from the lower periphery.
  4. To test the nasal field of the left eye, extend and move your left arm in from the periphery.
• Repeat the above steps for the right eye, reversing the process.

11. Assess six ocular movements to determine eye alignment and coordination.

• Stand directly in front of the client and hold the penlight at a comfortable distance, such as 30 cm (1 ft) in front of the client’s eyes.
• Ask the client to hold the head in a fixed position facing you and to follow the movements of the penlight with the eyes only.
• Move the penlight in a slow, orderly manner through the six cardinal fields of gaze, that is, from the center of the eye along the lines of the arrows in and back to the center.
• Stop the movement of the penlight periodically so that nystagmus can be detected.

12. Assess for location of light reflex by shining

penlight on the corneal surface (Hirschberg test).

13. Have client fixate on a near or far object. Cover one eye and observe for movement in the uncovered eye (cover test).

14. If the client can read, assess near vision by providing adequate lighting and asking the client to read from a magazine or newspaper held at a distance of 36 cm (14 in.). if the client normally wears corrective lenses, the glasses or lenses should be worn during the test. The document must be in a language the client can read.

15. Assess distance vision by asking the client to wear corrective lenses, unless they are used for reading only (i.e., for distances of only 36 cm [14 in,]).

• Ask the client to stand or sit 6 m (20 ft) from a Snellen or character chart, cover the eye not being tested, and identify the letters or characters on the chart.
• Take three readings: right eye, left eye, both eyes.
• Record the readings of each eye and both eyes (i.e., the smallest line from which the person is able to read one-half or more of the letters).

At the end of each line of the chart are standardized numbers (fractions). The top line is 20/200. The numerator (top number) is always 20, the distance the person stands from the chart. The denominator (bottom number) is the distance from which the normal eye can read the chart. Therefore, a person who has 20/40 vision can see at 20 feet from the chart what a normal-sighted person can see at 40 feet from the chart. Visual acuity is recorded as “s- -c” (without correction), or “c-c” (with correction). You can also indicate how many letters were misread in the line, e.g., “visual acuity 20/40 – 2 c-c” indicates that two letters were misread in the 20/40 line by a client wearing corrective lenses.

21. If the client is unable to see even the top line (20/200) of the Snellen type chart, perform selected vision tests

Develop a critique of a recent or national or local public health campaign. Your critique should:  A) explain the aims and objectives of the campaign B) describe the methods used to promote issues C)access the pros and cons of the campaign D)explain reasons why the campaign may not be successful. Thank you. I think I’m struggling more with this question as the course has put it down with a,b,c,d questions.

How do learning resources or materials help in developing skills? and how they can apply in nursing practice?

Which statement is false re: Early Republic?

a. In Griswold v. Matthews. 1803. the Supreme Court asserted its power of judicial review.

b. Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions erroneously asserted the right of states to nullify federal law if deemed unconstitutional.

c. The Commerce Clause provided a constitutional basis for Hamilton’s Bank of the United States

d.  Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s Bank of the United States.

Question 4 

 Which statement is false re: the Age of Jackson?

a. The increase of the white vote ironically led to the curtailment of voting rights for other ethnic groups.

b. Henry Clary’s American System was arguably rooted in Alexander Hamilton’s economic views for the United States.

c. Alexander Hamilton would more likely have been a Whig than a Democrat

d. Andrew Jackson supported the Second Bank of the United States.

Question 5

Which statement is false re: the U.S. Constitution?

a.  It exhibited compromise between the large & small states.

b.  It exhibited compromise between the North & South over slavery.

c. It created three branches of government & sought to balance them against one another.

d. It sought to balance the power of the people against that of the goverment by providing for the direct pechon of the resident

Question 6

Which statement is false re: slavery in the Atlantic world?
a.  The Middle Passage was the horrible passage from Africa to the Americas.
Europe, the Americas, & Africa were linked in a system of triangular trade.

b. Bacon’s Rebellion & a declining mortality rate contributed to the shift from white indentured servants to
African slaves in Virginia.
c, British North America received more slaves than South America and the Caribbean.
European slave traders normally acquired slaves from coastal Africans.

Question 7

Which statement is false re: European-Native American relations in the colonial period?
a. The French generally enslaved Native Americans and forced them to hunt furry animals

b. The Spanish developed a multiracial empire, though one in which the Spanish were at the top.
c. Bartolome de las Casas criticized Spanish treatment of the Native Americans
d. Some historians have speculated that such British wars as the Pequot War was genocidal.

Question 8
Which statement is false re: Native Americans?

a. Chief Pontiac’s War led to the Proclamation Line of 1763.
b. The Proclamation Line of 1763 banned settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
c, Native Americans wielded some agency & sought to further their interests when possible.
d. Tecumseh led the Native Americans in King Philip’s War.

Question 9
Which statement is false re: colonial Virginia?
a.  African slave labor immediately became the dominant mode of servitude after the landing of African slaves
there in 1619.

b. Richard Frethome’s letter illustrates that it often was everyman for himself there.
c. Richard Hakluyt wrote accounts of the area to promote settlement there.
d. The English were soon at odds with the Powhatan.
e.  Tobacco was the primary crop there.

Question 10

 The Battle of Saratoga helped convince the French to ally with the American colonists.
a. True
b. False

Question 11

 Were he still alive when it was formed, Alexander Hamilton most likely would have been a member of the Whig Party rather than the Jacksonian Democrats.

a.  True
b. False

Question 12
George Washington’s first cabinet was united in its support for the Bank of the United States since
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander both believed that the Constitution grants Congress wide latitude
in promoting commerce

a.  True

b.  False

Question 13
Which statement is false re: the readings?

a. Richard Frethome’s letter illustrates the wretched conditions that indentured servants lived in.
b. William Byrd’s diary illustrates the cruel
act on all involved.
c. Abigail Adams’ letter to John suggests the Revolutionary ideal of equality spread beyond white male property
owners.
d.  Inspired by the Massachusetts Slave Petition. Mum Brett sued for her freedom in a Massachusetts court but
lost.

Question 14

A primary source is a piece of evidence or source from the time period that the historian is
studying; for example, if the American Civil War is the subject of study, the Emancipation
Proclamation is considered a primary source.

a. True
b. False

 Question 15
Tecumseh attempted to forge an alliance amongst Native American tribes that would establish a
sovereign territory and hold its land in common.

a. True

b.  False

Question 16

As the readings illustrate, the Native Americans possessed no agency and were not able to forge
alliances with European power
a.  True
b. False

Question 17

Marbury v. Madison, 1803, is important because the Supreme Court asserted its right of judicial
review in the case.
a. True
b.  False

Question 18

Thomas Hutchinson was the patriot that led the party that threw all of the East India Company tea
into Boston Harbor.
a.  True
b. False

Question 19

Which statement is false regarding the War of 1812?
a.  A major issue was the British impressment of American sailors.
b.  The War Hawks, who were primarily from the South and the West, supported the war.

c.  A major issue was the British arming of Native Americans.
d. The Federalists, who were active in rade, supported the war due to the British blockade of France.
e. The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a national hero.

Question 20

The Columbian voyages are important because they led to the exchange of biological products
between the Americas and Europe, and to the incorporation of the Americas into a global network
of trade.

a.  True
b. False

Question 21

Historians often contextualize the events that they are studying; in this vein, an understanding of
British political thought and action can help us better understand the causes of the American
Revolution.

a. True
b. False

Question 22

Franz Ferdinand’s driver made a wrong turn and drove the unlucky Archduke straight into the
hands of his assassin. (You can assume that this is a true statement).
Absent German backing, Austria-Hungary would not have issued the harsh ultimatum to Serbia
that led to World War One. (You can assume this is a true statement.

Both of the above statements are examples of contingency
a. True
b.  False

Question 23

Republican ideology, name the belief that a republic thrives if the people are independent
landowners, was much more prominent in the American colonies than Britain due to wider land
ownership rates. Republicanism also posited that citizens must be vigilant against governmental

tyranny
a.  True
b.  False

Question 24

Andrew Jackson’s wife Rachel led the charge to exclude the Secretary of War’s wife from
Washington society.
a.  True
b.  False