What would a patient with anterior spinal cord syndrome have as symptoms? Think of where in the spinal cord is the injury.  What tracts are still intact?

Explain why the phylogenetic species concept presents more problems than the biological species concept.

What is the evolutionary advantage of double circulation and how does it give insight into the evolution of the vertebrate heart? Compare the anatomy of the hearts of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Describe the four levels of protein structures. Include information about the bond between amino acids, and for the third level of protein structure, discuss the other types of bond found there. Make sure you include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and an example of covalent bonding. Explain why not all proteins form a quaternary structure.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of catalysis used by enzymes? Group of answer choices A) Forming a temporary covalent bond with substrate to facilitate the reaction. B) Binding more tightly to the transition state than the substrate. C) Correctly orienting substrates to interact. D) Forming a pH microenvironment to facilitate acid/base reactions E) Converting endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions