pathophysiology of asthma

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What is the underlying pathophysiology of asthma?

Asthma is a disease of airflow limitation. The causes include bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper-responsiveness, and airway re-modeling

Kawasaki Disease

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What is Kawasaki Disease and what is the pathophysiology?

How does Kawasaki Disease cause coronary aneurysms?

Kawasaki disease is a rare illness that causes inflammation in blood vessels in children. Kawasaki disease mostly affects medium-sized arteries

Sudden infant death syndrome

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What is thought to be the underlying pathophysiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is thought to be caused by various factors. Inherited disorders can contribute to SIDS

Lead poisoning

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Lead poisoning

A 7-year-old male was referred to the school psychologist for disruptive behavior in the classroom.

The parents told the psychologist that the boy has been difficult to manage at home as well. His scholastic work has gotten worse over the last 6 months and he is not meeting educational benchmarks. His parents are also worried that he isn’t growing like the other kids in the neighborhood.

He has been bullied by other children which are contributing to his behaviors. The psychologist suggests that the parents have some blood work done to check for any abnormalities. The complete blood count (CBC) revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia. Further testing revealed the child had a venous lead level of 21 mcg/dl (normal is < 10 mcg/dl).

The child was diagnosed with lead poisoning and it was discovered he lived in public housing that had not finished stripping lead paint from the walls and woodwork. How does lead poisoning account for the child’s symptoms?

Patent ductus arteriosus

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Discuss the hemodynamic consequences of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Failure of the patent ductus to close at birth results in blood by-passing the systemic circulation. Oxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs, resulting in pulmonary overflow and systemic hypoperfusion

Pathophysiology of myelomeningocele

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What is the underlying pathophysiology of myelomeningocele? Describe the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus in infants with myelomeningocele

A myelomeningocele is a severe form of spinal cord malformation, visible at birth, and the affected infant has abnormally developed cranial neural tube

Genetics of hemophilia

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Explain the genetics of hemophilia. Briefly describe the pathophysiology of Hemophilia.

Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder that primarily affects males. Hemophilia A and B are caused by gene mutations or deletions.

Sickle cell anemia

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Discuss the genetic basis for Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive condition. Genetic mutations in the β-globin gene cause an alteration in the formation of hemoglobin by changing the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine

Acute sickle cell disease

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What is the pathophysiology of acute sickle cell disease (SCD) crisis? Why is pain the predominant feature of acute crises?

Sickle cell disease (SCD) occurs due to mutations in the β-globin gene. The result is the formation of deformed hemoglobin that triggers complications including the vaso-occlusive crisis, hemolysis, infections, pulmonary complications, and cardiovascular disease

Renal failure

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How does renal failure occur in some patients with ALL?

Renal failure can develop as after initiation of chemotherapy due to tumor lysis syndrome, direct drug-related injuries, and septicemia