The cardiovascular and respiratory systems

An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Scenario 1: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

. The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
. How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Describe the healthcare system of workers

Make a comparison between the United States and Iceland regarding covid-19. Describe the healthcare system of workers/professionals who are available to serve the population for the health problem in each country.

Explain the following list of factors that may contribute to the existence of the health problem in each country:

  • The elements of the epidemiological triangle, if applicable
  • Environmental impacts (including the healthcare delivery system) that may apply to the health problem

Explain the multifactorial relationships for the health problem in each country:

  • Nutritional considerations, if applicable
  • Economic considerations
  • The costs of medication and/or treatment in the healthcare system

Explain the strengths of using systematic reviews for clinical research

Develop a presentation about covid-19 explaining the levels of evidence in selected peer-reviewed articles and the strengths of using systematic reviews for clinical research.
Your response to this Assessment should:
Reflect on the criteria provided in the Rubric. Develop a PICOT question to address your clinical issue of interest-Covid-19.
Using the keywords from the PICOT question, search at least four different databases in the Walden Library to identify at least four relevant peer-reviewed articles at the systematic-reviews level.
Identify and briefly describe your chosen clinical issue of interest.(Covid-19)
Describe how you developed your PICOT question focused on your chosen clinical issue of interest.
Identify the four research databases that you used to conduct your search for the peer-reviewed articles that you selected.
Provide APA citations for the four peer-reviewed articles that you selected.
Describe the levels of evidence in each of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected. Be specific and provide examples.
Explain the strengths of using systematic reviews for clinical research. Will be translated into a 7-slide presentation.

Conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule

In a paragraph, explain what would happen if of the small intestine were to change to a pH of 5. In your explanation, be sure to use the following words: acidic, pH, enzymes, and denature. Use a highlighter to highlight the terms to include. SCENARIO CONCLUSION Rebecca’s blood was approaching almost 10 times more basic than it is supposed to be. When blood has a pH of 7.35-7.45, it is able to transport and “drop off” oxygen at the various tissues.

However, when the blood approaches 8, there is a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule to the point where hemoglobin can’t “let go” of oxygen molecules. Therefore, the tissues will soon be starving for oxygen. The tissues become hypoxic (lack of oxygen). Rebecca’s body was trying to compensate for this lack of oxygen by breathing (in this case, inhaling) deeper.

Models of gene action

The goal of this exercise is to use alternative models of gene action. Consider a hypothetical locus that influences the weight of a chicken. The locus has alleles H (heavy) and L (light). When fed the same diet, HH chicken weigh 3.5 kg, and LL chicken weighs 2 kg. Answer the following questions and show your work supporting your answers:

1a) [10 points] For the HL chicken indicate the expected weight if the locus exhibits no dominance.

1b) [25 points] For the HL chicken indicate the range of weights if the locus exhibits partial dominance and H is the dominant allele.

The receptor for a non-polar hormone

The cell type upon which a hormone has its influence is called it’s 2. Name the two major classifications of hormones and 3. The receptor for a polar (water soluble) hormone is the target cell; located 4. When a polar h(water soluble) hormone binds to its receptor, it triggers a series of reactions inside the target cell referred to as

5. The receptor for a non-polar hormone is the or._. or the 6. When a non-polar (lipid soluble) hormone binds to its receptor, it turns on in the DNA, which is located inside the target cell; located either by the DNA machinery. 7. Target cells tend to This results in the production of a called the number of their hormone receptors by a process 8. Target cells tend to when there are sustained high levels of hormone present. called the number of their hormone receptors by a process when there is a low level of a hormone present.

Racial and ethnic minorities

Think about social stress as it relates to racial and ethnic minorities and women at your college or university. Identify and discuss whether or not racial/ethnic minority and/or women students are more likely to face any particular stressful discrete life events than those faced by all students.

The net products of glycolysis in a muscle cell

The net products of glycolysis in a muscle cell are:.)2 ATP 2 lactates 2 pyruvates 7. The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cells; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the (1.pt.) 8. When energy is released during catabolism, it is temporarily trapped in high-energy bonds of electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying potential energy? ( 1 pt) ATP FADNAD*Physical exercise results in skeletal muscle contraction, an active process that requires chemical energy in the form of ATP. Initially, small amounts of ATP are available within the skeletal muscle fibers.

The available ATP may sustain contractions for about 15 seconds before the ATP needs to be replenished. Cellular respiration is one mechanism by Which muscle fibers produce and replenish their ATP. Cellular respiration increases the avallability of ATP by consuming oxygen and glucose while producing water and carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct.

Thus, during exercise, as the metabolic activity of the muscle fibers increase, the concentration of oxygen in the muscle tissue decreases. Other byproducts of metabolic activity (temperature, acidity, and CO2 concentrations) likewise increase with metabolic activity. The increased presence of these metabolic byproducts is detected by specific homeostatic sensors that send out signals to the local vasculature and cause vasodilation, thereby shifting blood flow from less active tissues to the nearby exercising muscles.

The greater flow of blood into the exercising muscle resolves the oxygen loss while simultaneously removing the waste and other byproducts of the increased metabolic activity. (2 pts.) 9. Number the following 1.5 in the order in which the events occur: Blood deliver to the skeletal muscle increase in order to provide more oxygen. Skeletal muscle metabolism increases. You start to exercise. Oxygen sensors cause local blood vessels to dilate. Skeletal muscle oxygen demand increases:

Characteristics in species of frogs

Communicating with tables. I am an Amazon researcher comparing different characteristics in species of frogs that live in very different environments. I use the Amazon green frog as my control since there is a lot of data on this particular frog and it lives on the rainforest floor. I then compare the other frogs to this control frog. I am looking at the length of the back leg, the distance between the eyes (the center of one eye to the center of the other eye), and the degree of webbing on the front foot.

I collected 50 frogs of each species (including the control Amazon green frog [AGF]) and then do unpaired t-test comparisons of each characteristic in the 4 test species to the same characteristic in the control species.

The p-values from my t-test comparisons are listed below which the species and characteristics that are being compared: AGF / brown swamp frog – length of back legAGF/yellow tree frog – the distance between eyesAGF/red river frog – webbingAGF/spotted stone frog – webbingAGF/spotted stone frog – length of back legAGF/brown swamp frog – the distance between eyesAGF/ red river frog – the distance between eyesAGF/yellow tree frog – length of back legAGF/spotted stone frog – the distance between eyesAGF/yellow tree frog – webbingAGF/brown swamp frog – webbingAGF/red river frog – length of back legAs you can see I am not very organized, so you need to arrange these data into a clear, concise and understandable table (Table 1) that allows the reader to quickly comprehend what I have done.

Also, somehow denote, within the table, the statistically significant comparisons usingas the point of significance. Generally, the independent variable is used to label rows and the dependent labels columns. Once completed, copy/paste this table underneath Figure 5 on your other document. Once you are finished, convert your other document containing your five figures and one table to a .pdf and submit it on Canvas.

Regarding sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Select all options below which are correct regarding sympathetic preganglionic neurons. They reside in the brainstem. They reside in the spinal cord. They release acetylcholine. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. Select all options below which are correct regarding parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.

They reside in the brainstem. They reside in the spinal cord. They release acetylcholine. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. Select all options below which are correct regarding THE MAJORITY OF sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Their cell bodies have nicotinic receptors.

Their cell bodies have muscarinic receptors. Their cell bodies have adrenergic receptors. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. They release acetylcholine. Select all options below which are correct regarding parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Their cell bodies have nicotinic receptors. Their cell bodies have muscarinic receptors. Their cell bodies have adrenergic receptors. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. They release acetylcholine. In which of these organs/tissues would you find alpha-1 or beta-1 adrenergic receptors? Select all that apply.

The heart The digestive tract Bronchioles Blood vessels On which of these blood vessels would you find alpha-1 receptors (select all that apply)? Coronary vessels Enteric (digestive tract) vessels Renal vessels Hepatic (liver) vessels None of these vessels would present alpha-1 receptors On which of these blood vessels would you find a high proportion of beta-2 receptors? (Select all that apply).

Coronary vessels Enteric (digestive tract) vessels Renal vessels Hepatic (liver) vessels None of these vessels would present beta-2 receptors Which of the following responses are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system? (Select all that apply). Reducing heart rate Dilation of the bronchioles Increasing digestive enzyme release Pupil constriction Penile erection Dilation of coronary blood vessels In comparison to protein hormones, steroid hormones: (Select all that apply).

Have a longer half-life Have a shorter half life Are water-soluble Are lipid-soluble Can cross the cell membrane Cannot cross the cell membrane Can interact with receptors on the cell surface Can interact with receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm Applications (q 10-12, 2 points each): Use the below information to answer the remaining questions.

Due to government funding cuts, you have recently been appointed as head physiologist for the Centre for Disease Control, due to your unparalleled physiology knowledge and willingness to work for minimum wage. Billions of people served worldwide by the popular fast food chain McDowell’s have all fallen ill due to a mysterious chemical being used in the beef.

You are tasked with gathering as much information as possible about this chemical with a view to treating those affected. Note: When people stop eating at McDowell’s, they are no longer affected, but apparently that isn’t an option, especially at 1:00am, nor is it an option to change the beef.

The chemical leads to a dramatically increased heart rate. Through animal testing, you determine that the chemical increases heart rate by acting directly on the heart itself and affects autonomic nervous system signaling. It appears to have no direct effect on blood vessels. You have not determined if it is affecting other organ systems.

Assuming the drug only acts on one type of receptor, which of the following receptors could it potentially be acting on, given the above information?

(select all that apply): Acting on nicotinic receptors of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Acting on muscarinic receptors. Acting on beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Acting on beta- 2 adrenergic receptors. Acting on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Acting on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: