Regarding sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Select all options below which are correct regarding sympathetic preganglionic neurons. They reside in the brainstem. They reside in the spinal cord. They release acetylcholine. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. Select all options below which are correct regarding parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.

They reside in the brainstem. They reside in the spinal cord. They release acetylcholine. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. Select all options below which are correct regarding THE MAJORITY OF sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Their cell bodies have nicotinic receptors.

Their cell bodies have muscarinic receptors. Their cell bodies have adrenergic receptors. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. They release acetylcholine. Select all options below which are correct regarding parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Their cell bodies have nicotinic receptors. Their cell bodies have muscarinic receptors. Their cell bodies have adrenergic receptors. They release noradrenaline. They release adrenaline. They release acetylcholine. In which of these organs/tissues would you find alpha-1 or beta-1 adrenergic receptors? Select all that apply.

The heart The digestive tract Bronchioles Blood vessels On which of these blood vessels would you find alpha-1 receptors (select all that apply)? Coronary vessels Enteric (digestive tract) vessels Renal vessels Hepatic (liver) vessels None of these vessels would present alpha-1 receptors On which of these blood vessels would you find a high proportion of beta-2 receptors? (Select all that apply).

Coronary vessels Enteric (digestive tract) vessels Renal vessels Hepatic (liver) vessels None of these vessels would present beta-2 receptors Which of the following responses are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system? (Select all that apply). Reducing heart rate Dilation of the bronchioles Increasing digestive enzyme release Pupil constriction Penile erection Dilation of coronary blood vessels In comparison to protein hormones, steroid hormones: (Select all that apply).

Have a longer half-life Have a shorter half life Are water-soluble Are lipid-soluble Can cross the cell membrane Cannot cross the cell membrane Can interact with receptors on the cell surface Can interact with receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm Applications (q 10-12, 2 points each): Use the below information to answer the remaining questions.

Due to government funding cuts, you have recently been appointed as head physiologist for the Centre for Disease Control, due to your unparalleled physiology knowledge and willingness to work for minimum wage. Billions of people served worldwide by the popular fast food chain McDowell’s have all fallen ill due to a mysterious chemical being used in the beef.

You are tasked with gathering as much information as possible about this chemical with a view to treating those affected. Note: When people stop eating at McDowell’s, they are no longer affected, but apparently that isn’t an option, especially at 1:00am, nor is it an option to change the beef.

The chemical leads to a dramatically increased heart rate. Through animal testing, you determine that the chemical increases heart rate by acting directly on the heart itself and affects autonomic nervous system signaling. It appears to have no direct effect on blood vessels. You have not determined if it is affecting other organ systems.

Assuming the drug only acts on one type of receptor, which of the following receptors could it potentially be acting on, given the above information?

(select all that apply): Acting on nicotinic receptors of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Acting on muscarinic receptors. Acting on beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Acting on beta- 2 adrenergic receptors. Acting on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Acting on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: