Microbial Adaptations to Antibiotic Stress

Microbial Adaptations to Antibiotic Stress: Explore the mechanisms by which microorganisms adapt to antibiotic stress, including the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, efflux pumps, and enzymatic degradation of antibiotics. Discuss the evolutionary dynamics of antibiotic resistance, including the role of selective pressure and genetic mutations in driving resistance emergence and dissemination. Consider the implications of antibiotic resistance for public health and strategies for combating this global health threat, such as antibiotic stewardship, surveillance, and the development of novel antimicrobial agents.