Describe the physiological mechanisms underlying the process of urine formation

Describe the physiological mechanisms underlying the process of urine formation in the kidneys, including glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion. How does the glomerulus filter blood plasma to form a filtrate that contains water, electrolytes, and waste products, which then undergo selective reabsorption and secretion along the renal tubules to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance? Additionally, how do factors such as glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow, and tubular transport mechanisms regulate the composition and volume of urine produced? Furthermore, what are the consequences of impaired renal function on urinary excretion and the body’s acid-base and electrolyte balance?

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