What ethical considerations and safeguards must be in place to ensure the protection of human subjects in medical research

What ethical considerations and safeguards must be in place to ensure the protection of human subjects in medical research, particularly in studies involving vulnerable populations or novel therapeutic interventions? How can researchers uphold principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice in the design, implementation, and dissemination of research protocols, while also fostering transparency, trust, and respect for participant rights and dignity?