Explain the concept of extinction and explain how it relates to reinforcement in the context of applied behavior analysis. Provide support for your explanation.

Medical Experience Paper
Glaucoma
In Asia, glaucoma is one of the typical eye disorders that are well-known among people. Since a few years ago, my uncle’s vision has been worse, but he hasn’t given his eyes any attention. Because he had a fine visual acuity until a few years ago, he felt that his vision would recover spontaneously in a short period of time. Even Though most of the families including myself urged that should consult an ophthalmologist as soon as possible, he refused since the symptoms didn’t appear to be worrisome. He mentioned that he suffered a little blurry vision, therefore he didn’t believe it was a severe concern. A few years later when he began to get glaucoma, his vision went worse and he virtually couldn’t see things correctly. After he saw an ophthalmologist, we discovered out that the ailment he had was glaucoma. Because it’s been a long time since he had the condition, most of his vision was gone, and impossible to recover. Because many individuals in my own nation are having glaucoma, I decided I should undertake a study regarding this ailment.

The eyes are one of the primary organs associated with our particular senses. Special senses associated with the eye are visual sensory systems that enable us to observe.
Eyes are positioned in the orbits of our skull, two paired hollow spheres located on either side of the nose. We’ll concentrate on the eyeball, which is located within the eye, as the eyelids and eyelashes cover the eyeball’s exterior. The anatomical structure of the interior eyeball may be characterized by three separate layers, which are the fibrous layer, vascular layer, and neural layer. The deepest layer of the eyeball, the neural layer, is surrounded by the fibrous layer and vascular layer, which are its two outer layers. The neural layer, which is also referred to as the retina, is made up of two layers: a shallow layer made up of pigmented epithelium and a deeper layer made up of photoreceptor cells. The role of the shallow layer of the neural layer is the scattering of light pigment whereas the function of the deep layer is sensing light. The conversion of light into nerve signals is the sole function of the photoreceptor cells. Blood veins in the choroid provide nourishment to the epithelium and photoreceptor cells in the retina.

The central rational artery, which “enters the eye via the optic nerve,” provides nutrition to the deeper neuronal components of the retina (Amerman, E., p. 407, emphasis added) (2019). The optic nerve is the essential structure that is intimately associated with the etiology of glaucoma.
One of the principal causes of glaucoma is an injury to the optic nerve by excessive intraocular pressure. There is a clear fluid positioned in the front section of the eyeball, aqueous humor, which helps the eye maintain inflated. To maintain the eye’s homeostasis of ocular pressure, the eye continuously produces aqueous humor and drains a similar quantity when fresh aqueous humor is created. Intraocular pressure, or too much aqueous fluid, causes an increase in eye pressure (IOP). Glaucoma develops when there is an excess of aqueous fluid and the ocular pressure continues to rise.
The retina and the optic nerve are compressed and damaged when they exit the eye as a result of the pressure being applied to the vitreous fluid.
(E. Amerman, page 407, (2019). There are other than high intraocular pressure (IOP) such as poor ocular blood flow, and aging.
The majority of glaucoma sufferers are unaware that they have the condition and only become aware of their symptoms when the majority of their optic nerves have been destroyed. Low visual acuity, hyperemia, headaches, blindness, and high intraocular pressure are all recognized as glaucoma symptoms. My uncle also lost his prime opportunity to stop the progression of further eye diseases since the prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness is steadily rising. Because there isn’t a complete recovery for glaucoma sufferers, it’s extremely vital to contact an ophthalmologist as soon as feasible after experiencing decreased visual acuity compared to the past.

A cataract is a condition that affects the eyes similarly. The symptoms of cataracts are quite similar to glaucoma which is a clouded vision of eyesight, however, the process of differential diagnosis is different. For glaucoma patients, a test called funduscopy is utilized and for cataracts, a mydriasis test is used. My uncle also evaluated the eye condition by funduscopy and identified it as glaucoma.
The initial treatment techniques for glaucoma include administering eye drops that decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP), and taking intraocular pressure (IOP) medication to lower the eye pressure. After intraocular pressure (OP) is decreased, laser therapy is performed to the eyeball to generate a small hole in the iris, the anterior layer of the vascular layer, to drain the aqueous humor. Draining aqueous fluid will assist to reestablish the equilibrium of ocular pressure.
After therapy, any changes to the eye’s visual field need visual assessment. Keeping track of eye issues by attending ophthalmology clinics and taking medicine is crucial. My uncle is receiving numerous glaucoma meds and he mentioned his eye health isn’t increasing as before. I was concerned that I would get glaucoma. Despite the fact that my uncle is struggling with the illness, I didn’t know much about glaucoma. As a result, I decided to learn more about the condition and spread awareness of it to others in my community.

You have a nephew who wants a Littlest Pet Shop lunch box for kindergarten. You are concerned about how other children will treat him. Consider 5 areas of gender development and or self-concept development in considering what you will do (ch

Discuss the importance of group differences in IQ for understanding intelligence.

Considering the article Can Research on the Genetics of Intelligence Be ‘Socially Neutral’? and the textbook chapters on intelligence, compare and discuss at least two group differences in IQ. Why are these differences important for understanding intelligence?

After you have posted your initial response, respond to two of your peers. Discuss some of the factors that were identified to influence intelligence testing (e.g., ethics or cultural differences) and provide a rationale as to why some of these factors may or may not be more influential than others.

 

Text:

Roberts, D. (2015). Can Research on the Genetics of Intelligence Be “Socially Neutral”? Hastings Center Report, 45, S50-S53. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1002/hast.499

The supplementary article this week, Locus of Control and Health: A Review of the Literature Links to an external site.by Wallston & Wallston (1978), is a classic article on locus of control, as it applies to health. First, briefly summarize this article. Then, think about the article in the context of the course, and your reactions. Did you like the article? How does it relate to the course material? How could it be used in research?