What characteristic of the phospholipids maintains membrane fluidity? Explain..Which part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents ions and most small, polar molecules from passing freely through the membrane? Explain. What other membrane component helps maintain membrane fluidity? Explain.

8. Describe the consequences of a plasma membrane becoming solid. What functions would be lost? Explain.

A 59-year-old man with chronic renal failure was in the hospital recovering from a heart attack. He had just undergone “balloon angioplasty” to redilate a coronary artery, and was on an “npo” diet (i.e. he was not allowed to have food or drink by mouth). He received fluid through an intravenous (IV) line.

Late one night, an exhausted nurse on the last hour of a 12-hour shift came into the patient’s room to replace the man’s empty IV bag with a new one. He misread the physician’s orders and hooked up a fresh bag of IV fluid that was “twice-normal” saline rather than “half-normal” saline (i.e. the patient began receiving a fluid that was four times saltier than it should have been).

This mistake went unnoticed until the next morning, when the patient had marked pitting edema around the sacral region and inspiratory rales (“wet-sounding crackles”) at the bases of the lungs on each side.

He also complained of difficulty breathing, and appeared to be confused. Blood was drawn, revealing the following: –Na+levels:$$159\mathrm{mEq}/$$liter (normal: 136-145 mEq/liter) –K+levels:$$7.2\mathrm{mEq}/\mathrm{liter}$$(normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/liter) –Cl−levels:$$101\mathrm{mEq}/$$liter (normal: 96-106 mEq/liter) A chest$$X$$-ray revealed interstitial edema in the lungs. QUESTIONS You may refer to the textbook and other sources, but your answers must be IN YOUR OWN WORDS. PLAIGIARISM = ZERO POINTS. 1.

Most dissolved substances in the blood plasma can easily move out of the bloodstream and into the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells. Will the nurse’s mistake increase or decrease the “saltiness” of the interstitial fluid? Explain your answer. ( 9 pts) 2.

Given your knowledge of osmosis, will this cause the cells in the body to increase or decrease in size? Explain your answer thoroughly. (10 pts) 3. What symptoms might result from hypernatremia (“high blood-sodium” level)? Do these symptoms match those of this patient? ($$6\mathrm{pts})$$

Explain the functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). 2. Describe the differences between the somatic and the autonomic (visceral) reflex arcs. 3. Identify autonomic effectors and plexuses giving examples of each. 4. Discuss the specific functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

5. Compare the structures and locations of the parasympathetic ganglia and sympathetic ganglia. 6. Define the following fibers: preganglionic, postganglionic, cholinergic and adrenergic.

7. List the specific neurotransmitters secreted within the ANS. 8. Explain the roles of adrenergif (alpha and beta) receptors and the cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors in the ANS.

9. Compare the physiological responses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the: heart, lungs, blood vessels, digestive tract, liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, urinary bladder, salivary glands, intrinsic muscles of the cye. 10. Deseribe the role of the hypothalamus and brainstem in controlling the ANS

Describe the two basic functions of the plasma membrane. 2. What specific molecule is typically most abundant on each side of a plasma membrane? Explain how this influences basic membeane structure. (Note: explain means to give physiological reasons why).

3. Draw and label a section of the plasma membrane of a human cell. Your drowing should include: A phospholipid bilayer: – Each phospholipid should include at least one unsaturated, fatty acid tai – Your plasma membrane should be at least 15-20 phospholipids in length –

Label the outside surface and the inside surface of your bilayer. (You can write “out” on one side and “in” on the other side) – Labela phospholipid. – Label the hydrophilic (polar) head of a phospholipid. –

Label the hydrophobic (nonpolar) talls of a phospholipid. – Make one of the phospholipids a glycolipid and label it, “glycolipid.” (Make sure the glycolipid is on the correct surface of the bilayer.)

Cholesterol – Drow and label two or more cholesterol molecules within the phospholipid bilayer. – Proteins and glycoproteins – Draw and Iabel membrarve proteins, including= – An integral protein that spans the membrane. – Label the polar regions of the integral protein. – Label the nonpolar region of the integral protein. – A peripheral protein. (Make sure it is on the correct surface of the bilayer.) – A glycoprotein.

(Make sure the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotei extends from the correct surface of the membrane-) Use a bracket and labelling lines to indicate the following regions of the plasm membrane: – polar – nonpolar.

4. Describe one or more functions of the integral proteins.

5. Describe a function of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.

6. Which part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents ions and most small, polar molecules from passing freely through the membrane? Explain.

7. What characteristic of the phospholipids maintains membrane fluidity? Exploin. What other membrane component helps maintain membrane fluidity?

Explain. 8. Describe the consequences of a plasma membrane becoming solid. What functions would be lost? Explain.

A hydrophilic substance moves across the membrane, against its concentration gradient. This can be accomplished using which of the following? Select all that apply. simple diffusion channel-mediated facilitated diffusion carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion carrier-mediated active transport