Explain what lung volumes and/or capacities may be affected by Bill’s condition ( 2 marks). 4b) Explain how gas exchange at the alveoll is affected in these conditions, and why (2 marks). 4c) Using the bicarbonate buffer system equation (CO44​+H2​O↔H2​CO3​↔H4+HCO3​), explain what happens to blood carbon dioxide levels and blood$$\mathrm{pH}$$in obstructive respiratory conditions ( 2 marks).$$(6$$marks total)

Scenario 4 Karen has previously been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis – a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways that results in thick viscous mucous obstructing multiple airways. In Karen’s recent visit to the hospital, she was also diagnosed with right-sided heart failure due to her poorly managed pulmonary hypertension.

As a consequence, she has also developed peripheral oedema (fluid shifting from the intravascular space to the interstitium). Question Five Answer the following questions regarding how chronic bronchitis and right-side heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

5a) Describe two protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract to help prevent the passage of bacteria into the lungs (2 marks) 1.$$\mathrm{N}$$aod con chae 5b) Use your understanding of ventilation-perfusion coupling (VIQ), to explain how the respiratory (ventilation) and cardiovascular (perfusion? systertis would respond to airway obstruction (as seen in chronic bronchitis) and how this obstruction rright rosult in in pulmonary hypertension (4 marks) ronlatidlosO2​→BV↓→BP↑.

5c) Use your understanding of capillary exchange to explain how ineffective contractions on the rightside heart (ie. Right-sided heart failure) can alter capillary exchange dynamics resulting in peripheral oedema (2 marks) vight-ifed heret faciere capillary bx chaye (8 marks total) 1808 NRS Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 A2 written Assignment

Mrs Melisa Carfi, a 65-year-old female patient with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, was admitted in your health care facility with a non-healing foot ulceration. Prior to admission, Melisa’s diabetes was managed with metformin. Upon admission, subcutaneous insulin with a diabetic diet was initiated along with oral anti-diabetic agents to achieve optimal blood glucose control.

2. Provide a list of four (4) specific questions you would ask Melisa in order to seek information to confirm her understanding of the condition and its impact.

3. What specific information will you give to Melisa if you are to provide health education on dietary management and physical activity with the goal of losing weight?

Complete the following table briefly describing various strategies to address and manage chronic diseases.

A patient, Roberto Loren, asks the physician to restate a diagnosis so the insurance company will pay because payment would be denied based on the present statement. The physician complies with the request. F$$\mathrm{A}$$Explain:

When blood is donated, the blood banks have to ensure that the antibodies in the plasma of the donated blood are destroyed before the blood can be used. Irue False Question 7 Match red blood cell disorder with its description. 1. 1. 1. 1. Reduced number of red blood celis$$9.$$Thalasemia 2.- Polycythemia$$1.$$Sickle cell anemia 4 Hemolytic anemia 10. Reticulocytopenia Pernicious anemia 6. Aplastic anemia

7. Hemorrhagic anemia 3. Anemia 2. Abnormally high percentage of red blood cells$$18/30$$points 3. Reduce RBC number due to production of abnormal 3emoglobin 4. Hemolytic anemia due to deficient production of hemoglobin 5. Decreased RBC levels due to deficiency of erythropoietin 6.

Reduced RBC level due to destruction of bone marrow by 7. Reduced RBC due to excessive blood loss 8. Recuced$$\mathrm{RBC}$$production due to deficiency of intrinsic factor 9. Premature rupture of erythrocytes and release of hemoglobin 10. Abnarmally low numbers of reticulocytes Attempt Score:$$83/100-83\%$$Overall Grade (highest attempt):83/100-$$83\%$$