The extreme generalized peripheral edema

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A 20-year-old female went to the doctor after noticing a swelling around her eyelids. Once the doctor examined her, he found an extreme generalized peripheral edema. Her abdomen and legs were swollen with some depressions in the clotheslines. Immediately, he asked for some lab tests which showed extreme loss of protein in her urine and decided to perform a biopsy from her kidneys. Eventually, she was diagnosed with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following was the cause of her edema, and what did the doctor see within the biopsy that led him to this diagnosis?
A. Edema was due to increased intravascular oncotic pressure, and the biopsy showed flattened podocytes under EM.
B. Edema was due to decreased intravascular oncotic pressure, and the biopsy showed flattened podocytes under EM.
C. Edema was due to increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure, and the biopsy showed swollen podocytes under EM.
D. Edema was due to decreased intravascular oncotic pressure, and the biopsy showed swollen podocytes under EM.

The bilateral pedal and ankle edema

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A 78-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 10-month history of fatigue and shortness of breath onexertion in addition to a 2-month history of ankle swelling. Examination of the lower extremities shows bilateral pedal and ankle edema. A cardiac examination shows abnormal heart sounds. Which of the following is the most likely etiologyof the patient’s lower extremity edema?
O a. Localized lymphatic obstruction.
b. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Oc. Thrombus formation in a deep vein.
Od. Dermal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans.
O e. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure.

The hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria

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Mr. Dwaik is a 20-year-old young man who presents with a 2-week history of periorbital edema and swelling of the legs and ankles. Laboratory studies show hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria. Which of the following terms best describes this patient’s peripheral edema? a. Lymphedema O b. Myxedema 0 cExudateO d. Transudate

Examination of the lower extremities shows bilateral pedal and ankle edema

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A 78-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 10-month history of fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion in addition to 2-month sounds. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the patient’s lower extremity edema? history of ankle swelling. Examination of the lower extremities shows bilateral pedal and ankle edema. A cardiac examination shows abnormal heart Oa. Localized lymphatic obstruction. Ob. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Oc. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure. d. Dermal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. O e. Thrombus formation in a deep vein

The gastroesophageal reflux disease

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A 50-year-old man came to your clinic with a 15-year history of chest pain that occurs at night and after eating heavy meals, the patient is a smoker and eats plenty of foods, you diagnosed him with gastroesophageal reflux disease and decided to do a biopsy from the lower esophageal mucosa, biopsy results are shown in the image, what is the cause of cellular stress here and what is a type of adaptation, respectively?
Esophagus: Stratified squamous epithelium
a. smoking, cellular atrophy
b. Low ��, intestinal metaplasia
c. vitA deficiency, cells

The left parietal lobe cortex

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A 71-year-old woman had loss of consciousness persisting for over an hour. When she becomes arousable, she cannot speak nor move her. right arm. A cerebral angiogram reveals an occlusion to her left middle cerebral artery. Three months later, a computed tomographic (CT) scan showed a large 5 cystic area in her left parietal lobe cortex. This CT finding is most likely the consequence of resolution from which of the following pathologic cellular events?
a. Atrophy
b. Liquefactive necrosis
c. Caseous necrosis
d. Coagulative necrosis
e. Apoptosis

The rare Andean anteater

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The limb depicted below is from the rare Andean anteater. It feeds by pushing over ant hills and consuming the delicious larvae underneath. To do this, it needs to generate an out force at its claw of 50(newtons).

Assume the following:
the limb has the proportions shown below
the limb muscle generates this force with the joint angle and muscle line of action shown
the muscle generates a force of 4o 2 (i.e. 40 Newtons of force per square centimeter of physiological cross-sectional area)
the entire length of the whole muscle is composed of contractile tissue (i.e. there is no tendon – we’ll talk about tendons later)
Don’t have ruler, measured
�� pinky fingertips 1 pinky finger tip
=1��
50�
What cross sectional area of muscle is required, assuming that the muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle? (Note: Use a ruler, and measure in centimeters).

The distal interphalangeal joint

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 Singular, Plural, and Adjectival Suffix Forms
ce each structural name in the proper category in order to indicate whether the underlined term denotes a singular, plural, o ectival ending.
The distal interphalangeal joint is considered a hinge and it offers only one degree of freedom.
Major calyces drain multiple minor calyces in each kidney.
The joint between each of the phalanges is considered a hinge joint and it offers only one degree of freedom.
A villus is a cellular extension often associated with increasing surface area for absorptive processes.
The cortical area of each kidney is the outermost later.
Each kidney has a renal cortex, the outermost layer of renal tissue.
The renal cortices are the outermost layer of each kidney.
Villi are cellular extensions found on absorptive surfaces as a means to increase surface area for absorption.
A major calyx drains multiple calyces before connecting to each ureter.
Sinaular
Plural
Adiectival

The coronary artery calcification

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Which of the following best summarizes the research on long-term endurance exercise?
Research shows that in terms of the health benefits of exercise, more is always better in terms of the overall protective effect.
There are potential health risks including coronary artery calcification, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
There is a dose-response relationship between the number of hours per week engaged in endurance exercise and cardiovascular benefits
There is a dose-response relationship between the number of hours per week engaged in endurance exercise and the mental health benefits

The general nervous system depressant

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Ethanol is a general nervous system depressant, and among the neurons inhibited by ethanol are neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Using your knowledge of hormones released by the posterior pituitary, how would ethanol consumption affect urine volume, the urine’s osmolarity, and the blood’s osmolarity? Explain your answers, including the hormone involved.